Medieval Queens, Empresses, and Other Women Rulers

Age Restrictions on Alcohol Relative to Military...

This is a topic that was near and dear to my husband’s heart. As he is in the military, it comes up often during mobilizations for deployment. I drink very little, so I hadn’t given it much consideration until he was deploying himself. I think that military personnel under the age of 21 should be allowed to consume alcoholic beverages under supervision. We have two sons that joined the National Guard at the ages of 17years and 19 years old. The legal age to purchase and consume alcohol in this state is 21 years of age. Our sons were pretty quickly deployed to Iraq. Granted, they didn’t drink at the time, but under the circumstances: I think that if their squads and platoons had offered them beer before going away to war, there should be†¦show more content†¦If anyone has an alcohol related incident, that soldier is counseled. If there is another incident, the soldier is then referred by the Commander to the Alcohol and Substance Abuse Program (ASAP). Bas ed on the length of time in the military, a younger soldier is allowed one misstep or mistake. More experienced soldiers and those with rank and responsibility aren’t given such leeway. For instance, a Driving under the Influence (DUI) charge is a career ender for a non-commissioned officer, but a lower enlisted soldier will be given a chance to rehabilitate. There have been cases of parents here in this State having closed door parties for graduation and proms. Those parties caused a lot of controversy. The parents were there to supervise in most cases, but there were a couple of cases of no supervision. Those parents argued that as long as they were there to oversee what was going on, there shouldn’t have been such an outrage. Those that argued against it felt that they were being enablers. I can see both sides of the argument. I wouldn’t host such an event personally, but I won’t frown upon those parents who chose to do this for their children. In Europe, it is common for teenagers to have a glass of wine with their dinner in a family setting. There doesn’t seem to be any of the stigmas of consumption of alcohol there. Given the supervision and the amount of reinforcement in the military, I believe thatShow MoreRelatedHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesworkers and the legal issues associated with their use. Demographics and Diversity The U.S. workforce has been changing dramatically. It is more diverse racially, women are in the labor force in much greater numbers than ever before, and the average age of the workforce is now considerably older than before. As a result of these demographic shifts, HR management in organizations has had to adapt to a more varied labor force both externally and internally. 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Detailed Analysis and interpretation of Financial Reports of Sainsbury

Question: Describe about the Interpretation of Financial Report of Sainsbury Company? Answer: Introduction Sainsbury is a UK based supermarket (J-sainsbury.co.uk, 2015). It has over 1200 stores worldwide. The organizations source their product and sell them in the UK based supermarket, convenience stores and online (Sainsburys.co.uk, 2015). The food business of Sainsbury is complemented by the general merchandise and clothes offered by the firm (Sainsburys.co.uk, 2015). Sainsbury offer banking and financial services via the wholly owned subsidiary of Sainsbury known as Sainsbury bank (Sainbury's Live Well For Less, 2015). They also have a number of joint ventures which also includes property development. The financial performance of Sainsbury will be analyzed for the year 2014(Tesco plc, 2015). The financial performance of Sainsbury will be compared with Tesco for the year 2014(Tesco.com, 2015). This will help to analyze the financial performance of the company against the industrial benchmarks. The financial ratios will be analyzed for the period of 2014 to ascertain the liquidity, profi tability position of the company, leverage position and efficiency of the organization. The ratio analysis will serve as a tool for Sainsbury to make future decisions based on its current financial position. The investors will be able to judge the company on the basis of its performance. Financial performance analysis using financial ratios Effective planning and financial management is essential for continuing the business in a sustainable manner. Financial ratio analysis is essential as it is a management tool that will improve the understanding of the financial results. The ratios can be used as a tool to understand the trend of the company over time. The ratio also acts as key indicators of the performance of the organization. The manager can identify the strengths and weaknesses of the organization. This will help the organization to formulate strategies on the basis of its potential strengths and weakness. The investors use ratios to measure the financial results against the industry benchmarks. It helps them to make judgements concerning the effectiveness of the management and the impact of it on the mission of the organization (Basu, 2015). Apart from the reasons discussed for choosing ratios as a tool for financial analysis, ratio analysis has the following uses Versatility and Usefulness Ratios are critical quantitative tools. They are used as indicators for indentifying the positive and negative financial trends. The trend analyses help the organization to make the future financial plans. The organization can make the short term plans to make their investment decisions. The ratio analysis serves as a tool for comparing the financial state of the company with the business in other industries. Turnover and efficiency The operating expense and turnover ratios are critical for the helping the organization analyze the efficiency of the business by utilizing the assets and managing the liabilities in an efficient manner. The operating ratios can be used to compare the operating expenses like the inventory, rent and advertising to the revenue that has been generated via sales (Peterson Drake and Fabozzi, 2006). Cash and liquidity The liquidity ratios help the company to determine whether the company can invest in capital assets or it can make long term investments. These investments are necessary for the growth of the business. The current ratio and the working capital ratio are useful for assessing the liquidity position of the company so that it overcomes the short term debt expenses. This will assist the organization in making key decisions (Besley et al., 2000). The company can make business plan on the basis of the ratios (Lohrey, 2015). Brief description and the justification of the ratios The financial ratios can express the relationship between the items in the financial statement. The financial ratios will help the management to identify the strengths and weakness. This will help the organization to measure the future performance of the organization. They are compared with the industry average. Liquidity ratios Current ratio and quick ratio represent the most common liquidity ratios. The ratio determined by comparing the current assets with the current liabilities. It shows the ability of the organization to pay the short term bills. The minimum ratio is considered as 1. If the ratio is less than one then the company has more liabilities than assets. The higher ratio acts as a safety cushion for the organization. It enhances the flexibility of the organization as it is not possible to convert some of the items in the inventory and receivable balance. The liquidity position of the company can be improved by lowering down the debt margin and converting the short term debt into long term debt. The receivables can be collected faster to improve the liquidity position of the company. Solvency The financial stability of the company can be determined by the solvency ratios. They measure the companys debt with respect to the assets and the equity. A highly debted firm does not have the ability to manage the cash flow if there is rise in the rate of interest or if there is deterioration of profitability of the business (Finkler and Ward, 1999). Profitability The profitability ratio determines the ability of the company to convert the dollars gained from sales into profits and cash flow. The common profitability ratios are the net profit margin, gross profit margin and operating profit margin. The profitability ratios include the return to assets ratio, return on investment ratio. It shows the effectiveness of the organization to generate return from the investments (Desai et al., n.d.). Efficiency The efficiency ratios are the inventory turnover ratio and the receivable turnover ratio. The inventory turnover ratio is the ratio of the cost of goods sold to inventory. The higher inventory turnover ratio indicates that the company has the ability to convert the inventory into sales. The receivable turnover ratio is the ratio the credit sales to the accounts receivable. It tracks the outstanding credit sales. The higher accounts receivable turnover ratio indicates that the company is able to collect the outstanding credit balance in a successful manner (Grier, 2015). Calculation of Financial Ratios of Sainsbury and Tesco for the year 2014 Sainsbury Tesco Profitability Ratios Return on capital employed Net Operating Income/ ( Total Assets - Current liabilities) 7.18% 33.97% Return on Equity Net Income / Equity 11.92% 6.59% Net Profit Percentage Net Income / Net Sales 2.99% 1.53% Gross Profit Percentage Gross Profit / Net Sales 5.79% 6.31% Operating Profit Percentage Operating Income / Net Sales 4.21% 4.14% Liquidity Ratios Current ratio Current Asset/ Current Liabilities 1.823456 2.245581 Quick Ratio Quick Assets / Current Liabilities 1.404007 1.631886 Efficiency ratios Inventory Turnover Ratio Cost of Goods Sold / Inventory 22.44975 16.65185 Stock Holding Period ( Days) 365/ Inventory Turnover 16.25853 21.91949 Debtor's Payment Period ( Days) Net credit sales / Average Debtors 55.30947 29.02146 6.599232 12.5769 Financial structure Interest coverage ratio EBIT / Interest Expense 5.647799 4.005319 Price/ Earnings ratio Current Share Price / Earnings Per share 7.161804 10.22105 Findings from Ratio Analysis Profitability ratios The profitability position of Sainsbury has been determined by the profitability ratios which are the return on capital employed, return on equity, net profit percentage, gross profit percentage and operating profit percentage. The return on capital employed for Sainsbury is 7.18% for the year 2014. On the other hand the ratio is 33.97% for Tesco. It is seen that Tesco is deriving more return from investment. The return on equity for Sainsbury is 11.92% whereas the return on equity for Tesco is 6.59%. The return on owners capital is more for Sainsbury. The net profit margin for Sainsbury is 2.99% and it is 1.53% for Tesco. The profit margin for Sainsbury is higher. But it is seen that the gross profit margin for Tesco is higher than that of Sainsbury. The operating profit margin for both the companies is same (Colombo et al., 2005). Liquidity ratios The liquidity ratios are the current ratio and the quick ratio. The current ratio for Sainsbury is 1.82:1 and for Tesco it is 2.25: 1 The ideal current ratio is considered to be 2:1. It is seen that the current ratio of both the companies fall within the range. The quick ratios of both the companies are within the range of 1:1. Thus it can be said that the liquidity position of both the companies fall within the range and the company is able to pay its liabilities well with the short term assets (Nissim and Penman, 2001). Efficiency ratios The efficiency ratios show the ability of the company to manage its inventory and debtors. The ratios used to determine the efficiency are the inventory turnover ratio and the debtors turnover ratio. The inventory turnover for Sainsbury is 16 days and that of Tesco is 21 days. Thus it can be said that Sainsbury is more efficient than Tesco in managing its inventory. The debtors payment period for Sainsbury is 6 days and for Tesco, it is 12 days. Thus it can be said that Sainsbury is managing its debtors more efficiently than Tesco. The higher the debtors ratio it is not a good sign for the organization (Cull, Demirgu Kunt and Mordug, 2007). Financial structure ratios These ratios show the ability of the company to cover up the interest and the earning of the shareholders on the investment in the shares of Tesco and Sainsbury. The interest coverage ratio shows the ability of the company to repay its interest expense from the profitability. The lower the ratio, it is better for the organization. It is seen that the interest coverage for Sainsbury is less than Tesco (Palepu, Healy and Peek, 2010). The earnings of the shareholders of Tesco is more than the earning of the shareholders of Sainsbury. The share price of Sainsbury is higher than Tesco. But the return of the share holders is less (Sainsbury plc - Annual Report and Financial Statements 2014, 2014) ; (Tesco PLC Annual Report and Financial Statements 2014, 2014). Conclusion and Recommendations for Sainsbury The ratio analysis shows that the financial position of Sainsbury is stable. The company has been doing good business in UK and rest of the world. However it receives tough competition from other supermarkets in UK. They are Tesco and Aldi. The financial performance of Sainsbury in comparison to Tesco shows the profitability position of Sainsbury is higher than that of Tesco. But the return of the investors of Tesco is more than Sainsbury. Sainsbury can maximize the return of the shareholders. This will earn the confidence of the investors. Sainsbury can venture into new products. They can emphasize more on the clothes section apart from the food section. The financial performance of the company showed positive improvements. The profit before tax was up by 5.3% and the earning per share was up by 6.5% in the year 2014. They also paid dividend to the share holders. Critical evaluation of the limitations of ratio analysis 1. The different companies in different industries and they operate in different environmental conditions and depends on the regulatory mechanism by the Government. Thus the comparison of two companies belonging to two different industries can be misleading (Garrison, Brewer and Noreen, 2015).2. The accounting standards follow different accounting policies which affects the ratio analysis.3. The ratio analysis shows the relationship between the past performance and uses past information but the investors are more concerned of the current and future information (KIRKOS, SPATHIS and MANOLOPOULOS, 2007). References Basu, C. (2015).Four Basic Types of Financial Ratios Used to Measure a Company's Performance. [online] Small Business - Chron.com. Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/four-basic-types-financial-ratios-used-measure-companys-performance-25299.html [Accessed 19 Feb. 2015]. Besley, S., Brigham, E., Clark, D. and Besley, S. (2000).Study guide to accompany Essentials of managerial finance. Fort Worth [Tex.]: Dryden Press. Colombo, S., Forde, M., Main, I. and Shigeishi, M. (2005). Predicting the ultimate bending capacity of concrete beams from the relaxation ratio analysis of AE signals.Construction and Building Materials, 19(10), pp.746-754. Cull, R., Demirgu Kunt, A. and Mordug, J. (2007). Financial performance and outreach: a global analysis of leading microbanks. pp.100-400. Desai, R., Palepu, K., Gibson, C., Healy, P., Bernard, V., Wright, S., Bradbury, M. and Lee, P. (n.d.).Analysis of financial statement information. Finkler, S. and Ward, D. (1999).Cost Accounting for Health Care Organizations: Concepts and Applications. pp.500-600. Garrison, R., Brewer, P. and Noreen, E. (2015).Managerial accounting. 1st ed. [ebook] pp.1-180. Available at: https://senas.lnb.lt/stotisFiles/uploadedAttachments/27_Managerial_accounting201392831823.pdf [Accessed 19 Feb. 2015]. Grier, W. (2015).Credit Analysis of Financial Institutions. pp.70-90. J-sainsbury.co.uk, (2015).J Sainsbury plc / Home. [online] Available at: https://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/ [Accessed 19 Feb. 2015]. KIRKOS, E., SPATHIS, C. and MANOLOPOULOS, Y. (2007). Data Mining techniques for the detection of fraudulent financial statements.Expert Systems with Applications, 32(4), pp.995-1003. Lohrey, J. (2015).Importance of Ratio Analysis in Financial Planning. [online] Small Business - Chron.com. Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/importance-ratio-analysis-financial-planning-80600.html [Accessed 19 Feb. 2015]. Nissim, D. and Penman, S. (2001). Ratio Analysis and Equity Valuation : From Research to Practise.Review of Accounting Studies, 6(1), pp.109-154. Palepu, K., Healy, P. and Peek, E. (2010).Business analysis and valuation. Andover: South-Western. Peterson Drake, P. and Fabozzi, F. (2006).Analysis of financial statements. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Sainbury's Live Well For Less, (2015).Sainsbury's Clothes - Sainsbury's Tu Clothing Collection. [online] Available at: https://www.sainsburys-live-well-for-less.co.uk/tu-clothing/ [Accessed 19 Feb. 2015]. Sainsbury plc - Annual Report and Financial Statements 2014. (2014). 1st ed. pp.77-85. Sainsburys.co.uk, (2015).Sainsbury's. [online] Available at: https://www.sainsburys.co.uk/sol/index.jsp [Accessed 19 Feb. 2015]. Sainsburys.co.uk, (2015).Sainsbury's online Grocery Shopping and Fresh Food Delivery. [online] Available at: https://www.sainsburys.co.uk/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/gb/groceries?langId=44storeId=10151krypto=GNB3hDNeBpLC50juEOcjPHiWM8NjwU13R8L2ule83CxScMHA29hF%2BYO53GSXOoUNWY5b4jz4jn9h%0AxeF%2BhS%2FK2nst4N3%2FdEMDoSsX1j%2FuRjnRlMC0YKl2WdxEZYZtJ9lXddkey=https:gb/groceries [Accessed 19 Feb. 2015]. Tesco PLC Annual Report and Financial Statements 2014. (2014). 1st ed. pp.64-130. Tesco plc, (2015).Tesco plc. [online] Available at: https://www.tescoplc.com/ [Accessed 19 Feb. 2015]. Tesco.com, (2015).Tesco.com - online shopping; bringing the supermarket to you - Every little helps. [online] Available at: https://www.tesco.com/ [Accessed 19 Feb. 2015].

The Centralia Mine free essay sample

The Centralia Mine opened in 1907 and remained free of fatal accidents for decades (Walker, 2006). By the 1940’s mine inspectors began reporting excessive coal dust in the mines and also provided recommendations. In March 25, 1947, the Centralia No. 5 coal mine exploded near the town of Centralia, Illinois, killing 111 people. The explosion was caused when an under burdened explosive detonation ignited coal dust. The explosion of this mine should not have been a surprise to anyone. Driscoll Scanlan, who was a state mine inspector, notified public sector safety professionals from state and federal agencies of the hazards as a result of inspections. There were also union complaints and letters to state officials. Various officials of mine safety agencies and the mine company were notified on more than one occasion. Scanlan as well as the mine’s union had also pushed to have the hazards corrected. The lack of the federal and state officials to take action, along with the ignition of built up coal dust, resulted in the death of 111 coal miners. We will write a custom essay sample on The Centralia Mine or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Identify and explain four (4) logistical alternatives Scanlan could have addressed. In 1941, Illinois Governor Dwight Green appointed Driscoll Scanlan, as one of the states 16 mine inspectors. Scanlan was highly recommended by a state representative (Martin, 1948). He was appointed as the inspector of the district which included Centralia Mine No. 5. State inspectors jobs include making sure mine operators comply with the state mining law (Stillman, 2010). His first inspection of Centralia No. 5 was in 1942. In his first report, his recommendations included cleaning and sprinkling the haulage roads. Scanlan inspected the mine several times in the years before the explosion. At the end of each inspection he sent his report to the Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals. Several of his reports throughout 1942-1944 repeated his previous recommendations and added new one. In one of the latter ones, he recommended that the mine be rocked dusted (Stillman, 2010). In follow up to his reports, he should have inquired with the Director for the status of his recommendations. When he found that none of them were taken care of, he could have let the miners know what the issues were and helped fix the areas in which there were problems. Scanlan could have also worked with the union to push fixing the mine or shutting it down until repaired. When he made the threat to shut them down, the company started to fix some of the problems that were indicated in his reports. The changes that the company made to the mines were only temporary. His only other option would be to try to sprinkle the roads and help with the rock dusting. Analyze and discuss Scanlan’s motivation toward the Constitution (the law), bureaucracy (as a public administrator responsible to the public), and obligation. Scanlan carried out the duties of inspecting the mines. He reported his findings to the Department of Mines and Minerals and the State Mining Board (Stillman, 2010). Scanlan was truly an advocate for the miners. He, unlike some the other inspectors, did not get involved in the political aspects with the companies. Many of the inspectors would have drinks with the company officials and provide brief inspection reports. Scanlan was quite different. Scanlan talked to the miners and made sure that their complaints were included in his inspection reports (Stillman, 2010). The local union expressed their concerns to the State of Illinois in response to the findings of the special investigation commission (Stillman, 2010). They also followed up with a letter to Governor Green, thanking Scanlan for taking the issues to Prudent the Superintendent and local officials on their behalf (Stillman, 2010). Scanlan made 13 inspections and reports, each were reported to the Department of Mining and Minerals. Most of his reports were dismissed and responded to as not being as serious as it seems. Take a position on two (2) possible paths of action for Scanlan and defend your choices. Business and political gain played a critical role in the conditions that led to the accidents. Although Scanlan provided numerous reports, his superiors down played the seriousness of his recommendations. They seemed to be more concerned about keeping the officials happy. The lack of attention given to the seriousness of the inspection reports provided by Scanlan proved to be detrimental to the miners. His inspection reports were ignored by state mining officials and mine company supervisors. Scanlan’s first course of action should have been to shut down the mine. Being a state inspector, he had the authority to shut down a mine if there were violations that had been brought to the company’s attention, but not addressed in a reasonable amount of time. This action, in my opinion, would have been the best course of action. An alternative course of action would have been to go the officials that are higher than the state and federal officials that he was dealing with. He had performed enough inspections, over the course of 3 years, and found that if the mining conditions were not improved, that fatalities would eventually occur at this mine (Saleh, 2011). The state and federal officials were more concerned about continuing business. They did not take into consideration the seriousness of the inspection reports that Scanlan was continually providing them with. The lack of their follow through and the dismissing of his recommendations would have been taking more seriously by someone at a higher level. I feel that they would have stepped in and taken action that may have saved the lives of the miners. This disaster followed by another mining disaster in 1968 caused Congress to become more aggressive with mining companies by passing the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act in 1969 (Ward, 2007). Unfortunately it took another terrible mining incident to get them to notice how important it is for higher officials to make companies follow the recommendations of mining inspectors.

Addiction Is a Disease free essay sample

Many people believe the misconception that an addiction is a moral problem and not a disease. To better understand the reasons why an additicition is in fact a disease; I will identify several types of addictions, and the problems associated with them. I will examine reasons why certain people are more susceptible for developing an addiction. Also, I will determine why many addicts deny their problems and many recovery methods addicts use to fight their illness. Researching these issues, will help aid my claim that addiction is a disease. Addictions can form from using mood altering drugs such as, nicotine, alcohol, cocaine and caffeine, or behavioral processes as with gambling, eating, sex or shopping (Schwartz 21). Schwartz defines â€Å"An addiction, as is any process over which people are powerless, which leads them into behavior inconsistent with personal values, and which they are unwilling to give up, often at the expense of work, relationships or family. We will write a custom essay sample on Addiction Is a Disease or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page †(21) Behavioral processes, such as gambling, provide the brain with a sense of gratification, while ignoring the resulting consequences (Henderson 154). Psychologists compared the conditioning effects produced by a slot machine with similar conditioning experiments on animals. A slot machine may dispense a reward at unexpected times but a person will continue to use the machine even though a reward is not guaranteed. Animals that performed certain behaviors were given a reward at unforeseen intervals. Although, they were not always given a reward they continued the behavior in the lure of possibly receiving a reward. This test demonstrates that a specific behavioral response can be instilled into the brain, regardless of the subsequent outcome. Activities like gambling arouse the pleasure center of the brain by releasing dopamine (Friedman 29). Dopamine is a neurotransmitter in the brain that recognizes feelings of pleasure. The abundance of dopamine results in an over stimulation to the pleasure center of the brain, producing a euphoric effect and reinforces addicts to repeat the behavior. Cocaine, which is a stimulant, has been closely compared to gambling. It also stimulates the pleasure center of the brain. Without that stimulation, the withdrawal symptoms of cocaine are similar to those associated with gambling (Henderson 57). Cocaine and other mood altering drugs can release much more dopamine than natural experiences create (Friedman 169). When your mind indulges in a reward, it is not concerned whether it originates from a substance or an experience. Occasional use of drugs, alcohol and indulgent behaviors does not necessarily lead to addiction. It is important to understand underlying factors that may contribute to addiction. Psychiatric disorders, social factors and agent factors are just a few contributors to developing addictions (Henderson 122). Psychiatric disorders often coincide with addiction, which is often referred to as a â€Å"dual diagnosis†. Individuals with a psychiatric disorder such as depression or anxiety may be more prone to developing addiction problems. A survey referred to as Epidemiological Catchment Area or EPA was conducted to examine psychiatric disorders and how it correlates to addiction problems (Henderson 136). Households from several varying geographical locations participated and the results indicated individuals with psychiatric disorders were more likely to develop an addiction. Many addicts claim their addiction was the result of trying to self-medicate a psychiatric disorder. It is often difficult to determine if the psychiatric symptoms were present before the chemical addiction (Thombs 230). Results from the EPA study also concluded that a person with a substance addiction is at a higher risk of developing a psychiatric disorder (Henderson). Many people use alcohol or substances in social situations. Some individuals believe the use of a substance, such as alcohol, may sometimes improve social bonds (Coombs 232). They feel that being able to share the â€Å"intoxicated feeling† with someone else helps make communication easier. The difference between recreational use and addiction occurs when people need alcohol/drugs in order to socialize (Henderson 24). The addict may associate the substance with positive social experiences, â€Å"I finally felt like I could fit in and socialize. † (24) Another contributor to developing addiction is the agent factors; this is the likelihood that a particular substance will be abused. Some substances are less likely to be abused, and may not be as addictive as others. Agent factors also take into consideration how the substance enters the body (Henderson 19). For example, if a substance is taken orally, the drug is usually less addictive than a drug that is injected into the vein. An inhaled substance can be more addictive than both oral and injected forms. The chosen method of use pertains to how quickly a drug reaches the brain. An inhaled substance can reach the brain in seconds, where as an injected substance will travel around the bloodstream, taking a much longer time to reach the brain. When we look at these three factors, psychiatric, social and agent, we discover that a person’s morality is not the reason individuals are becoming addicted. The underlying factors that lead to addictions are much more complex. â€Å"Denial is a psychological defense mechanism that is found almost universally in people with addiction† (Henderson 2). Many addicts ignore detrimental consequences in order to continue using substances, or remain engaged in addictive behavioral processes. An addict may often not be able to admit they have problems, even to themselves (Berman and Siegel 57). Even when an addict is confronted by others about their addiction, the addict still fails to recognize their problem. Often an addiction may cause a person to blame their problems on someone else in an effort to divert attention away from their addiction. Custer and Milt demonstrate the power of denial by using the example of a smoker’s attitude towards smoking (123). A smoker is aware of the damaging effects of smoking and that it can cause heart disease, lung cancer and other severe health conditions. Research provides a vast amount of conclusive evidence supporting the negative consequences of smoking. A smoker’s addiction can be so strong that they choose to ignore the reality that they are exposing themselves to harmful conditions that could result in illness or death. They decide to ignore the research composed of the undisputable adverse consequences of smoking and tune out all negative information pertaining to smoking. They come up with an array of explanations as to why they should not quit smoking. Since denial is a defense mechanism imbedded in the brain, it is often difficult to admit that there is a problem. Helping addicts acknowledge their addiction is often difficult. There are several recovery methods that can be used to help overcome addiction. A few things that can help in the recovery process are medication, treatment centers, and support groups. Depending on the specific addiction, a variety of medications can be used to help alleviate withdrawal symptoms. After the initial detoxification, anxiety or depression may persist, and an antidepressant may be prescribed to treat these symptoms (Henderson 121). Frequently, non habit forming medications such as Prozac, Tofranil or Perakote may be given to soothe the recovering addict. Medications can be used to prevent relapses, to block opiate/nicotine receptors and can help the recovery process. Treatment centers can be beneficial in several aspects. They can provide medical and psychiatric assistance. Also, they can provide a structured plan for recovery with strict guidelines. Treatment centers can introduce an addict to the twelve step program, aid in preventing relapse, and can act as a gateway to support groups. Although many people may believe addiction is a moral problem the research presented in this paper disputes that argument. Instead it most commonly is a disease that originates from psychiatric disorders, social factors and agent factors. Addiction is a disease like any other disease. Although it is not always possible to predict who the disease will affect, there are shared factors that make certain people more susceptible to the disease.

Is It a Good Idea to Hold Good Stocks Even if the Overall Market Is Assignment

Is It a Good Idea to Hold Good Stocks Even if the Overall Market Is Assignment Is It a Good Idea to Hold Good Stocks Even if the Overall Market Is Overvalued – Assignment Example The paper "Is It a Good Idea to Hold Good Stocks Even if the Overall Market Is Overvalued" is a delightful example of an assignment on finance and accounting.Keep holding and do nothing. The current stock seems to be doing great and against the earlier projections in the market over the years. Leaving the company would mean leaving the market one is well aware of, and that has grown drastically over the years. Since overvaluation of shares is measurable using a range, then where the ceiling range remains not bleached, holding is necessary. The implication of holding is that one is not required to pay the capital gains taxes, and the long-term investment could result in higher returns in the future. However, where the companys long-term potential does not offset the overvaluation, the stocks will crash down, and investment money will be lost. Where the competitors rise to surpass or shatter the planned development by the company, it would damage the company to reach points where it co uld fold, and investors would lose money (Kolodovoski, 2014). Take some profit off the table by disposing of some of the stock and paying the capital gains tax. Selling some of the stock and holding some would work as a lever to offset any shocks in the market. The competitors are getting stronger, and that could damage the company where its share price would fall. The company could also remain on its successful path, and the stock value would increase. To ensure that the investor is shielded from both a partial sale to offset the initial investment is necessary. Selling a quarter of the stock at $45 having purchased them at $12 means that the initial investment gets almost catered for, and future decrease in the stock wont make the investor lose money. Maintaining some stock prepares the investor for the future success of the company (Kolodovoski, 2014). An outright total sale of the stock and payment of the capital gains tax. Overpriced Shares and the continuation of that trend me ans that the range is growing bigger with time. Letting go of the stock protects the stockholder from the future collapse of the company. The investor would make massive profits by selling at the current market price of $45. The implications of an outright sale would be losing in big if the company were to make successful decisions and the share price increases. The other implication is being protected from the folding of the business if the future investment does not work as required (Kolodovoski, 2014).

Shoud Smoking in Public Areas be Banned Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Shoud Smoking in Public Areas be Banned - Essay Example Public health is serious social concern that cannot be left to the discretion of those who are endangering personal health relentlessly. Smoking is a personal choice and despite its known negative effects on human health there is no restrictive legislation to ensure this personal freedom of choice. However, equally important are the liberties to of a non-smoker who does not want to put his health at risk. Everyone has a right to make choices that he likes baring those choices that can affect the same right of others. Smoking in public areas is a sort of abusing non-smokers’ right to safeguard their health and this is something that should not be permissible legally and morally. Smoking in open public areas is often defended by the argument that in first place it does not harm others because of open and fresh air, secondly they are free to move away from smoking site. It is rather a ridiculous argument to support smoking. Smokers cannot be allowed to pollute air at a public pla ce only because there is a lot of fresh air and people can move around. Smoking in open and enclosed public area should not be treated separately because open public areas are mostly used to get fresh air and soothing environment. However, we can introduce separation areas for smoker at public places to ensure they have equal right to enjoy themselves. â€Å"Recent research conducted by the Office of the National Statistics (ONS) found that 63% of respondents considered that there should be smoking and non-smoking areas in pubs and bars† (Health Committee, 2006) It should be clear that the ban we are talking about is not absolute in nature and we have to have exceptions in this ban. Public areas are either open or enclosed and the ban should introduce exceptions in both cases separately. Most of the countries have implemented a strict ban in enclosed public area whereas a lenient approach is adopted for open public areas. Various states have their own perception in this regar d and have implemented the ban with varying depth and exceptions. Molyneaux (2006) has pointed out this approach, â€Å"Smoking is banned in all or most enclosed public places in South Africa, New Zealand, Italy and the Republic of Ireland. There are similar bans in the American states of California and New York. Smoking in enclosed public places was recently banned in Scotland. It will become illegal in the rest of the UK in 2007. In England and Wales, pubs that do not serve food can continue to choose to allow smoking.† Though smoking is equally dangerous and hazardous for all nations but the realization at public and state level is not same. International organizations like WHO are working extensively on issues pertaining to public health and can play an important role in educating masses on the issue. The argument that secondhand smoke does not have clear links to the diseases attributed to smokers is not a valid argument because World health Organization has rejected thi s argument. Chen (2007) has pointed out this clearly, "The evidence is clear there is no safe level of exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke." This underlines the importance of the issue and we need persuade and convince public and authorities that the legislation to ban smoking in public areas is an imperative requirement to ensure public health and safety at large. We need to focus our attentions in this area of public health because lack of awareness in this area is alarming as WHO (2009) pointed out

Evaluative Rhtorical Mode Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evaluative Rhtorical Mode - Essay Example Even if a person who is not a fan of the sport can access the website and find helpful information if they just want to learn about the Championship, or if they are interested in becoming a fan themselves. This particular website excels in meeting its purpose. It is informative on the Championship, providing visitors with anything they could possibly want to know about the Ultimate Fighting Championship. While it is very fan-friendly, it is also appealing to people who are just curious about the Championship and are seeking basic information. The website contains a plethora of facts and details that cover every aspect of the sporting event. The strong amount of information provided on the webpage makes it simple for the website to reach its purpose. However, there is a slight problem in tracking down certain information due to how cluttered the website feels, especially to people who access the site for the first time. The aforementioned is one of two problems with the format of the webpage. The first issue, as previously noted, is that the homepage of the website is a cluttered mess of facts and information. While the sections are split up so that they do not mix with unrelated sections, there is simply too much information on the front page. Even with separately headed sections, there is a lot to take in, which can be confusing for people that are not used to the website. The homepage contains what equates to a summary of the entire website, and it is too much is a rather small space. While this layout can be good for gleaning a lot of information at a single time, it can appear to be a jumbled mess to someone who is not used to the page. The second problem with the website is a difficulty in navigating the page. Besides the main navigation bar at the top of the page, there are other links throughout the rest of the page. In most cases, clicking one link will take the visitor to another page with even more links, and a link from that page will just continue t he trek to another page full of other links. There is a search bar at the top that allows visitors to type in something specific, and most of the links are detailed enough for a visitor to know what they are looking for, but the navigation between additional links gets to be too confusing. The only changes that the website should see is in regard to the layout of the homepage and the navigation throughout the entire site. The homepage needs to contain less information so as to not overwhelm visitors, especially the ones that are new to the site or are only visiting to obtain a few quick facts. The homepage should only consist of some brief information about the Ultimate Fighting Championship, such as the history and what it is, and perhaps an events schedule. There should also be a section containing links to the other most important aspects of the page, such as those previously mentioned. If a person finds it hard to work their way around the homepage of a website, they may not fee l that it is worth it to explore the rest of the website. Similarly, the links need to be fixed up so that there are fewer of them. Each webpage in the site should be designated to a specific part of the Ultimate Fighting Championship so that visitors do not have to keep jumping from page to page looking for a specific piece of information.

Marketing Mix Recommendations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing Mix Recommendations - Essay Example Hygiene is one of the important factors within the food industry and consumers give highest priority to it. Therefore it is highly recommended that the company should only sell hygienic and fresh foods. The pricing should be done on the basis of cost plus pricing method and market penetration strategy can be followed to grab more market share. Regarding the promotional aspect, the company can effectively use television and newspaper advertisement as both the media have mass reach. Finally regarding the distribution, the company can appoint distributors and target food marts to distribute and sell their products. Memorandum Date: 18th October, 2012. Subject: Organic Food for the family Unit To: The Big Boss From: Consumer Research Department To maintain sustainability of a business, it is extremely important to keep hold on the present market share. However after a certain point of time it becomes essential to focus on the ways by which market share can be increased. Greater market sh are helps in increasing the brand recognition. There are some interesting facts about increasing market share. Increasing market share is important only when the company is earning more profits. However it does not have any importance when the market share has increased but the company is losing money. Now in the context of project, Mintel can increase the market share for organic foods and drinks market by considering modifications in their marketing mix. Hence following are the recommendations to Mintel for the primary rationale of attaining more market share. Product Recommendation For an organization to get success in the market place it is imperative to give highest priority to its product stagey (Mcgrath 1-5). Similarly for food industry product is the ultimate element for which a customer pays to the company. Study reveals that among 2000 people, 30 % of the respondents are highly concerned about the safety of foods. Hence for Mintel product strategy should be considered as t he central business strategy. Also the product strategy of an organic food company plays an important role in managing and handling the competition. Furthermore a sound product strategy will be responsible for exemplifying the path of success for Mintel. Now in the context of the study the target group of the company is the family unit, thus in order to cater to that segment the product strategy is vital. The study also reveals that among 181 people, who are living with a partner, 33 % respondents are highly aware of food security. Similarly among the married people 31% of them have high concerns and 47 % have average concern over the food hygiene. Therefore based on the available data, it is highly recommended that the company should only sell hygiene and fresh foods, which will also help them to build an unique selling proposition (USP). Price Recommendation In simple words price is the amount paid by the customer for gaining the ownership of a product from the seller (Kotler and Armstrong 282). Although the concept of price is very simple, but when it comes to actually value a product or service the notion does not exactly remain the same. A pricing strategy is defined as a course of action or an approach in order to achieve the marketing objectives of the company (Pride and Ferrell 318). Hence pricing strategy is crucial towards the acceptance of the product or service in the market plac

Rational Perspective And Approaches To Strategic Management

Rational Perspective And Approaches To Strategic Management The word strategy mainly takes for granted the historical and geo political conditions under which management precedences are determined and executed. Strategic Management is not just restricted to the business world rather it can be seen in the ever widening circle of problems which are suitable for its application- from public sector and NGOs to regional economic development. In this essay we try to explore the rationalities to help managers improve organizational effectiveness and corporate profitability. The dynamic approach seeks to explore the nature of strategic management as an organizational process. The rational approach exposes the contradictions between the idealised myth of perfect competition and the more realistic ramifications of market power as explored by business school strategists (Porter, 1980). But at the end of the day, for both approaches, it has been seen that managers are the only players within the organisational structure of the market who have any power in the real strategic process. This eventuality has been criticised by such eminent scholars as Whittington (1993), who proposes mechanisms to ensure that the strategy process remains objective rather than being captured by a particular management faction; moreover, he suggests that managers can draw from broader, less visible sources of power, such as the political resources of the state, the network resources of ethnicity, or, if male, the patriarchal resources of masculinity (1993: 38). Moving away from managers One limitation of the dearth of literature available on the analysis of strategic planning is an account of how a faction of global managerial staff came to assume and maintain a stronghold on the strategic processes in the larger scheme of the market. There, however, have been individuals who have addressed this issue, notably among them Shrivastava, who, in a landmark critique in 1986, sought for emancipation in the acquisition of communicative competence by all subjects that allows them to participate in discourse aimed at liberation from constraints on interaction (1986: 373). He also called on researchers to generate less ideologically value-laden and more universal knowledge about strategic management of organisations (1986: 374). Post modern critiques, such as that by Knights and Morgan (1991), take a leaf out of Shrivastavas book and similarly propound a more constitutive and inclusive approach to strategic planning. They see corporate strategy as a set of discourses and practices which transform managers and employees alike into subjects who secure their sense of purpose (1991:252). So they are saying that managers cannot stand at a passive distance from ideology and impose their personal rationales on an unaware workforce. But for all practical purposes, that is what takes place in the actual workplace a core group of elite members, often known as the executive board, are the only participants of strategic discourse, with more actual manual labour deployed on workers as we go further down the line. This norm looks like it is here to stay, at least for a while. This is because even in the contemporary business scenario, mid0level managers, even if they assume any strategic responsibility, are possibly livi ng an illusion if they feel that they have any decisive say in the actual decision-making process. If we draw from Sun Tzus seminal work on military strategy, The Art of War (1983), we find echoes of this theory, where, as in a military structure, it is the field marshall who is behind the drawing board and the foot soldier who is out there on the ground fighting. The captain, or the mid-level manager, does have a say on the functioning of the troops on the ground. But in actual effect, all he is doing is relaying the strategy of those above him, or the executive board members. The rational and dynamic approaches Before we move on further and investigate the pros and cons of the two approaches under discussion rational and dynamic let us start by taking a brief look at both. The rational approach This is concerned with an organisations ability to achieve the goals that it has set for itself. For this, the organisation must first identify a goal for itself, then define a set of means or objectives that can be employed to achieve this goal, and then set in place a list of activities that help put the objectives in action. An evaluation of the organisation is then based on the number of objectives it achieves in comparison to the number it had planned. The primary motivating factor in this model is profits for the company. As such, the top echelon of decision making under such a system can tend to be more autocratic in nature than in other models. Managers who are inspired by financial statements alone in turn tend to leave their workforce uninspired. In a critical study for his PhD, C.P. Washburn says, What we found is that executives emphasizing rationality in their decision making are less likely to be seen as visionary by their subordinates and more likely to be seen as autocratic. But the more holistic executives are seen as more visionary and less autocratic. But as things stand today, despite the non-holistic nature of a rational approach (Washburn, 2006), it still predominates in the global workplace. This is possibly because of the logical framework that defines a rationale approach. Managers who follow it believe that a precise end to an objective should be sought through equally precise and calculated means, and that focusing their energies on quantifiable activities that can be observed and measured is the best way forward. Even if not quite, in a sense, the rational approach can be summarised in the famous sentence from the 1987 movie Wall Street, Greed, for the want of a better word, is good. The dynamic approach The dynamic approach to strategic planning is aimed more at smaller businesses that lack the necessary revenue to implement all the complicated strategies that a larger organisation can. It was conceived by Edward Pierce, who was at the School of Business and Entrepreneurship at Nova Southeastern University until he retired in the early 2000s. The need for a new approach that moved away from the traditional rational approach was instigated primarily for the benefit for smaller firms. Apart from a basic strategy that is absolutely essential for a line of sustained credit, anything else is a luxury, not least because strategic managers are usually prohibitively expensive for such firms to hire. Moreover, it is not within the financial realm of these smaller organisations to develop a complicated strategy (which in all possibility only a handful of people in the organisation are competent enough to fully comprehend) and then let it gather dust. Unlike the larger organisations that have the means and the resources to leave strategic planning to the hands of a few select individuals in the executive board, these smaller organisations have a more hands-on approach across all levels of management, with even mid-level managers sometimes given a free hand to take decisions. The common necessity for a vision and mission Whether it be a large scale MNC or a small-scale non profit organisation, each must have a vision for the company. Essentially, the vision of an organisation is the single statement that will be able to guide the enterprise across its several strategic business units (SBUs) (Whats In a Vision Statement, 2003). Talk of SBUs brings us to the consideration of another critically important component of strategic planning a mission. There has been much debate over whether vision is more important that mission and it is not our prerogative to enter further debate here. Instead, we can simply define vision as an enterprise view and mission as an SBU view (Whats In a Vision Statement, 2003). Of course, the vision and mission of a particular company are determined by its positioning in the market context. The larger a company, the more complicated is its vision statement and more tedious is the process of achieving its mission. For instance, if we take LG as an example, the parent company has one single vision, but it is modified to suit the needs of its various SBUs such as those for phones, wireless equipment and other electronic appliances. It would not be feasible to assume that this vision statement would apply equally across all the different SBUs within the company. The same would hold true even in the case of a small company, say one that specialises only in making carpets. The vision statement would remain fundamentally the same, but would be applied in different avatars across the different departments that the company might have, such as carpet-manufacturing, the sales division, the training department and so on. Basic differences between the two approaches As we have seen so far, a maximisation of profits is the founding principle behind an organisations rational approach. It is the more traditional way of functioning, and due to its emphasis on increasing revenues as the most important objective, it finds support and has for a long time in Wall Street. But given the vagaries of the market situation not just right now post the financial crisis, but for a while now, there had been the need for a more theoretical approach to strategic planning than simply a total profit = total revenue total cost way of thinking. This is where, apart from the previously discussed need for a holistic approach, Edward Pierce stepped in with his dynamic approach. The rational approach was an all-encompassing one that looked at business through a one-light prism of profit. The dynamic approach, at least according to me, represents a better view of the complex market scenario that is prevalent at present. Large businesses have taken the biggest hit in 60-o dd years. Small businesses on the other hand are continuing to face the future with a bright prospect. In such a situation, a low-cost, direct-result-oriented approach to strategic planning suits the needs of a market that is thriving more for smaller businesses than for large conglomerates. But even while saying this, the benefits of a rational approach despite its disadvantages are there for all to see, and have been for many years now. The main amongst these benefits are an improvement in sales and profitability. It should follow then that productivity would see a similar surge through the rational model. This might have held true earlier more than it does now. Right now, it is possibly the inclusive nature of the dynamic approach that can be best utilised to increase productivity. And this increased productivity today apart from a more harmonious working relationship between the different levels of management would lead to more sales and profitability later down the line. The problem that I have with the rational model is that to an extent, it is behind the credit crisis that we faced as a world a couple of years ago. The greed that operated in Wall Street the same greed that is the basis of the rational approach filtered down to Wall Street. The world at large lost its humane characteristic to a degree and hankered after immediate financial returns and benefits, which is what led to the crisis that we faced. The other problem with the rational approach is its non-inclusive nature. If we take the example of any global financial institution that was affected in the crisis be it Lehman Brothers or the Royal Bank of Scotland how much of it was due to the middle-income banker who sits at his terminal in Canary Wharf for example? How much of an idea did he or she have as to what was afoot in the top rungs of the ladder? More significantly, if such people did indeed have an idea of how harmful the trend of borrowing from mortgage brokers was becoming and were not party to it and had feasible arguments to counter and tackle it were their voices heard? I am guessing not, because it takes a middle-income banker with tremendous guts to walk through the door of, say, the vice-president and tell him or her that what he or she is doing possibly for greed if not on a personal level then on the companys behalf could later have ramifications that the entire world at large would reel under. Another advantage that the dynamic approach has over the rational approach is that because it is more human-oriented than the rational approach, which is more finance-oriented, there is a reduced resistance to change. This is of critical importance since in the rapidly evolving global market scenario, continually changing to adapt to situations is the need of the hour. Moreover, since larger multinationals have been exposed post the financial crisis (which is a necessary standpoint for any study of strategic planning in the present scenario) smaller organisations are seeing the light of day more than in the recent past. This means that evolving approaches to strategic planning should be geared in such a way that it suits the needs of these lesser organisations so that they can play their inevitably crucial role in getting the world back to where it was. That is possible more through a dynamic approach to the problem than a profit-oriented rational approach. In fact, the very word, dynamic, is a literary representation of the zeitgeist of our times.

Reflecting on Developing Teaching Practice Essay

The word reflection has been used consistently throughout our first module and has been seen to be prerequisite of good teaching and development. Reflecting itself has been a very useful practice. Taking the time to observe and analyse, whilst using a detailed checklist has also enabled us to use this process correctly. I have found that there are patterns within my reflective log and an awareness of what is needed to change in terms of improvement in my teaching practice and how I implement that in a classroom. Phil Race (2014, p228), describes reflection as having the intention to improve by finding out what is going on in an element of learning. By considering what elements of learning I need to address through my ILP I can now adopt feedback and apply improvements for future teaching. Observing has also helped my reflection Donald Schà ¶n (1987 p121), talks of imitation through observation. He links the ideology of education to â€Å"thinking for one’s self† and th e draws upon the term â€Å"Copycat† as a negative expression. However, he goes on to say â€Å"Reflective imitation demands, on the contrary, a willingness to do as the studio master is doing and, at the same time reflect on what one does.† Therefore, by observing and imitating we take on the role of our mentor/teacher and at the same time our reflective practice allows us the freedom to explore our own avenues of teaching and the ability to adapt, improve and develop what doesn’t work for us and, what we believe we could do better. Although I appreciate Schà ¶n‘s models of reflection, I have found I have not yet had enough experience to draw from to â€Å"reflect in action† but I can still use that method where applicable and in future practice. I’m fond of (Gibbs, 1988) methods pictured below. Gibb allows for a description of what happened, an analysis and evaluation of my experiences. This not only helps me make sense of my experiences but also helps me to examine my own teaching practice. Gibbs is very similar to Schà ¶n’s model of reflection but seeks a little more from the reflective practitioner. Like Schà ¶n, it is about â€Å"reflection in action† but aligns further with â€Å"reflection on action.† Gibbs model considers taking action and using what you have learned and applying it to practice in the shape of an action plan so if the same situation were to arise again I would have the  capacity to reflect â€Å"in action.† Personally my own areas of development have been in confidence and time management. By using Gibbs model of reflection I have been able to analyse where I am going wrong. I recognize the value of what I am doing and actively reflect both descriptively and emotionally. As (Brunner, 1994) states the fusion of the inte llectual and the emotional must be present or there cannot be a true reflective practice. For example, in my own practice I have sometimes tried to cover too much ground in a lesson, that has made me worry about the time frame, in turn this has affected my confidence. By analysing both what happened, what I am feeling and then evaluating this, I am able to make sense of the situation and formulate an action plan. I can reduce the amount in my lesson plan but have an activity if the lesson finishes early. If it doesn’t it can be given for homework. This helps me in practical terms, but in addition will help me with any confidence and anxiety I may have regarding the time management. â€Å"Reflective thinking†¦ involves a state of doubt, hesitation, perplexity, mental difficulty†¦[Reflective] persons†¦ weigh, ponder, [and] deliberate†¦ a process of evaluating what occurs to them in order to decide upon its force and weight for their problem.† (Dewey, J, 1997) p9 Gibb echoes Dewey above in â€Å"How we think† and uses the same ideologies of praxis and then draws upon the application of this to the Pedagogy. I will say I have had difficulty selecting the right method for my reflective practice and have employed parts from all models. Steven Brookfield’s (1995) Four Lens Theory uses a different model of reflection that encourages an individual to look at the situation from different viewpoints in order to maintain pedagogical rectitude. This is a process that never stops (as are all forms of reflection), and it seems to be the one that works best for me at the present time, as it fits perfectly within the trainee teacher milieu. The first of the four lenses Self would be the foundation of my critical reflection. Perhaps looking at my own experiences as a learner/teacher and the period in between now and qualifying and beyond that. Taking into account the â€Å"paradigmatic assumptions and instinctive reasoning’s that frame how we work.† (Brookfield.S, 1995) p30. This moves into the realm of the Students eyes and my Peers. I can do this by observing and being observed as  well as the process of feedback and self-evaluation, (from both my peers and students). This will help me to reveal aspects of the pedagogy that I am strong with and reveal areas of weakness. I can then apply the Scholarship lens, which is something I am currently working on as a trainee. By looking into theoretical literature, I can expand the Epistemology of my subject specialism, the discourse and discursive practice in addition to the pedagogy and learn to put my assumptions and reasoning’s to one side. I am then able to approach reflection openly and un-defensively. Geoff Petty (2010) explains, if we attribute our problems to something that is out of our control, we are defensive and will not feel the need to change our own practices. However, we should not blame ourselves. Instead we should think about how the lesson could have been made to go well and apply these principles to make sure it doesn’t happen again. Something that I have found hard is planning my lessons as this has proved to be rather time consuming. Film, Photography and Media Studies all include a broad range of skills for the learner to ascertain. In addition to creative and theoretical input on my behalf I have to also think about the particular technical skills regarding technology that need to be addressed. Once this has been decided, I still need to know where to start and how to simplify the subject as well as the introduction to technology and software. This is to make sure the students at the level I am teaching can understand it. As Muffoletto (2001, p296) suggests; â€Å"educators need to be reflective, that is self-aware, engaged, and not passive in their relation to the discourse and practices relating to technology.† I know from experience in the classroom that I have to critically reflect on the idea of technology and software in order to keep up with the students that live in the ever-changing world. Just recently I was told I would be giving a class on Final Cut Pro X, an upgrade from the Final Cut Pro 7 that I had previously been familiar with. From previous lessons I have come to accept that some students may know more than I do about this software package, when I first went into the classroom I was very nervous about the students asking me questions and how I would find the answer for them as well as how I would deliver the lesson. At lunchtime I spoke to the teacher who teaches the class next door. He told me he too was not up to date, that it takes time to learn the new packages. â€Å"Use the students† he said, â€Å"they probably know more than us†. His comment made me  feel at ease, as when a question was asked about the software that I was unsure of I asked the class. â€Å"Does anyone know how to do this?† There was always one who put up there hand and volunteered and when a question that no one could answer regarding transition’s popped up, I gave the student something else to do, whilst I quickly browsed a two minute tutorial on Youtube and gave them the help they needed with my findings. (Reflecting In Action’) This may not have been the best idea, but on reflection I would probably still do the same. For me to ask the other teacher to explain would have taken almost the same amount of time if not more, (not to mention the focus being taken from his own class) and to make the student wait until the next lesson would be unnecessary, slowing down the progress of work. However, in hindsight I can â€Å"Reflect On Action† because looking back I should have explained the transition method to the re st of group, but I have made note of it now for my editing class. Delivering learning was one of my areas for development in regards to confidence and projection of my voice; I know from feedback that I sometimes focus the lesson too much on my own person and my delivery of the subject. As a new teacher I am very aware of the focus on me and it affects my confidence greatly. I found this especially hard for my micro teach in front of my peers and find I am very nervous in this environment, one it’s because I know they are observing me as a teacher, rather than following tasks as a student might and two they have a higher level of education, which makes me feel a little insecure. Reflecting on this has helped me look at it from their viewpoint and understand that we are all in a similar situation and all feel the same pressure. Taking the saying a ‘problem shared is a problem halved’ is true, given the benefit of hindsight I can look back and know that we were all nervous, so when it comes to a similar situation, (such as me knowing less than some of my students about a new software package) I can look at it from the perspective of Brookfield and not be afraid to seek answers from students and peers. In addition to this I have researched different methods of planning my lessons after receiving feedback suggesting I focus the attention on the class itself, instead of myself. I have looked into the perfect Ofsted Lesson In Moving English Forward, where we are told to simplify lesson plans and concentrate on important learning objectives. At the beginning of a lesson we are encouraged as educators to give the class a  starter activity to â€Å"stimulate curiosity and †¦prepare the brain for learning.’’ This is something that would take the focus from myself until I build my confidence. It also seems a good way to motivate learners and get them engaged with the subject before moving on to the more in depth, main body of a lesson. I have found a lack of motivation to be very prominent feature in the BTEC Media classes. The self-regulatory approach to the BTEC means that students have a coursework deadline to work to, for which they have a number of components to hand in. It is all too easy to give the student the work and hope that they complete it. I have found a lack of motivation in the BTEC Media classes and have found it hard to get students working towards handing in components of their work. In the lesson I try to give them positive feedback when they are doing well and provide them with areas of development. As a result they work hard to meet targets set for them. But giving them positive feedback in the classroom is not enough. It is one of the negatives of Skinner’s behaviourist’s theory. Since most of their practical work takes place in their own time, when they are out of the classroom in their own environment there is no positive reinforcement and so it doesn’t work. The same could be said for Photography. As when it comes to creating their own photographic projects, motivation is affected by â€Å"Judgement of their own abilities to complete a specific task† (Bandura,2003). The student’s self-efficacy is sometimes poor, which restrains a learner’s progress. I ask myself; Ho w do I motivate a learner outside of the classroom? What can I do to make them want to engage with their chosen subject beyond the space of the classroom? How do I impart the necessary time management skills and contingency planning that is needed for their coursework? The answer is I am still learning and reflecting on this, through theoretical research and observing other teacher’s work. There are very few video productions or photo-shoots that go seemingly without any problems and students have encountered problems out of their control such as the weather or lighting. The students with high self-efficacy will work harder and be more persistent when trying to overcome obstacles. It is when motivating the students with lower self-efficacy when it becomes hard for me, as I do not yet have the experience. For this I have again taken the Brookfield’s  approach and asked my peers how they do it. I have learned that they use strategies and don’t leave the skills of self-regulation up to the learner to grasp for themselves. They find the student often struggles with regulating their own study and motivating themselves to study. They rely on the facilitation of metacognition by setting tasks within the learning material and assignments to hand in, so that the coursework is broken down into compartments of the learning material. By having clear aims of what is needed from them in a lesson and deadlines within the coursework deadline as a whole, they can assess learning and build the students skills, such as scheduling, budgeting, trouble-shooting, contingency planning where needed (weather problems etc) which also falls in with time management. Zimmerman (2011), suggest there are three successive phases pictured below. With vocational or self-regulated projects the students usually learn whilst doing a task. The cyclic phase is a continuous circle of self-monitoring, a lot like the lenses of reflection. To meet set targets the student needs to continually self-observe, self-evaluate and continually assess their aims to make sure they are achievable and if they are not, reflecting on that and finding ways to trouble-shoot where necessary. In addition the use of SMART targets can be applied so that they can be met for motivational purposes. These can be done in the lesson so they can learn from each other (imitation) to promote a positive ‘reciprocal determinism’ (Bandura,2003). It was a teacher that also suggested the Cyclic phase to me and explained that sometimes a lack of work does not mean the student is de-motivated, but instead they may be overwhelmed and does not know where to start. By helping them break down course work and compartmentalising it for the first year of a BTEC and supervising it yourself, you give them the necessary skills to do the same in their second year without supervision, thus building towards a high self-efficacy and motivation. With the support of the media studies teacher I have been able to observe how clear aims can be set out using a tick sheet. The more aims a student meets the more ticks they have next to their name on the projection monitor. This has helped when reinforcing targets within the lesson. After giving positive feedback a new list of aims are set and we can reach those who have fewer ticks to find what we can do to facilitate them. On a short note; In addition to classroom motivation I  have tagged along to a few trips to film festivals and Q&A’s, the students are always buzzing after speaking to people within the industry and learning how they got to where they are, they realise that the goals are achievable if they want to work hard enough to grasp them. It is something to think about in the future when planning my own trips with students. In the first module of my teaching practice I have learned a lot about myself as a teacher by applying the reflective process. During our personal lives we reflect on how we handle certain situations so that negative circumstances are not repeated and apart from in the medical occupation we don’t seem to do this in a professional working capacity, instead of taking a step back and thinking how did this happen? How can I make sure it doesn’t again? We tend to repeat the same or similar mistakes. Overall the self-reflection process has been an eye opener, I did start off a little sceptical on just how important it was to be reflective but I have to say I did start off not knowing how to be effectual in my refection process and how valuable that is before making judgements about my teaching capabilities. I found that by using Brookfield’s model of reflection and observing my practice from different perspectives, I can now look at my teaching objectively I have found that the constructive feedback for my micro teaches and the feedback I have received from teachers in the classroom have really helped and informed my reflection for an action plan to improve my teaching methods. Whilst I am happy with some elements of my teaching such as the visual aspects and my use of scaffolding, I had been unaware that I wasn’t projecting my voice and that my body placement was sometimes bad. Being made aware of these factors by observers highlighting them, is invaluable and will aid me when I come to do presentations and lesson planning, as I can incorporate this into my practice. As I have previously stated, I have problems with my confidence and so with that in mind I aim to focus my lessons on the class, especially at the beginning of a lesson. In doing this I will be able to gage the students and if I feel comfortable bringing the focus back to myself, I can. I aim to do this gradually until I have enough confidence not only in myself but also my ability to lead a class. In regards to Motivation in the vocational BTEC Media and project led assessments that might crop up in Photography and film, I aim to use Zimmerman’s model and methods that other teachers implement in their classrooms. This is a learning process for me,  which I will reflect upon to make the necessary progress needed, but applying theory to my practice should only help it whilst I’m learning the ropes. (Plato and Aristotle, 2005) both defined ‘good’ as performing to the best of your ability and that being moral and reflective were stages of ethical development to reach a Socratic intellectualism which is â€Å"One will do what is right or best just as soon as one truly understands what is right or best† (Socrates,2011) and to understand we must keep reflecting, as the situation is ever changing. BIBLIOGRAPHY ARISTOTLE (2005), The Art of Rhetoric, trans. Hugh Lawson-Tancred London: Penguin classics EFKLIDES, A (2011), Interactions of Metacognition With Motivation and Affect in Self-Regulated Learning: The MASRL Model. The American Psychological association: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group Available online at http://www4.ncsu.edu/~jlnietfe/Metacog_Articles_files/Efklides%20(2011).pdf [Accessed 12th November 2014] BANDURA, A (2003), Bandura’s social cognitive theory: an introduction, Davidson Films DVD (Available from IOE Library) BROOKFIELD, S (1995), Becoming a critically reflective teacher, San Francisco: Jossey Bass Publishers BRUNNER, D. (1987), Inquiry and Reflection, Framing Narrative Practice in education, Albany: State University of New York Press DEWEY, J (1997), How we think, Republication of original works 1910. USA: Dover Publications, Inc GIBBS (1988), Model of reflection Available online at http://pdp.northampton.ac.uk/PG_Files/pg_reflect3.htm [Accessed 12th November 2014] MUFFOLETTO, R (2001), Education and Technology, Critical and Reflective Practices, USA: Hampton Press Inc. OFSTED – Moving English Forward Available online at www.ofsted.gov.uk/sites/†¦and†¦/Moving%20English%20forward.doc [Accessed 12th November2014] PETTY, G. (2010), A Practical guide, 4th Ed. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes LTD RACE, P (2014), Making Learning Happen, a guide to Post-Compulsory education, London: Sage Publications LTD Schà ¶n, D. (1987), The Reflective Practitioner, Towards a New Design for Teaching and Learning in the professions, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers SOCRATES (2011) Socratic intellectualism. Available online at http://philosophyfaculty.ucsd.edu/faculty/rickless/Rickless/PHIL100_files/Intellectualism3.pdf [Accessed 16th November 2014] ZIMMERMAN, B. (2011), SCIENCE WATCH Zimmerman discusses self-regulated learning process, Emerging research front’s commentary Available online at http://archive.sciencewatch.com/dr/erf/2011/11decerf/11decerfZimm/ [Accessed 14th November 2014]

Alcoholism and Its Effects on the Family

Alcoholism is also known as a family disease. Alcoholics may have young, teenage, or grown-up children; they have wives or husbands; they have brothers or sisters; they have parents or other relatives. An alcoholic can totally disrupt family life and cause harmful effects that can last a lifetime. According to the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services and SAMHSA’s (Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration) National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, seventy six million American adults have been exposed to alcoholism in the family.Alcoholism is responsible for more family problems than any other single cause. According to Silverstein (1990), one of every four families has problems with alcohol. Alcoholism may be defined as the disease that affects the environment, genetic, and psychosocial factors of an individual. The said disease is said to be distinguished by periodic or continuous intake of alcohol, without worrying about the adverse effe cts the addiction may incur on the individual (National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, February 3, 1990). For this, Alcoholism has been regarded to have several effects on families.Like any other addiction, Alcoholism has its detrimental effects on the user. The normal signs include problems in the stomach and in the intestines, ulcer, nausea and vomiting, deliriums, and the urge to have more of the habitual vice. However, excessive intake of the alcoholic beverage would cause much damage to the body. Starting from ulcer, the problems would tend to become psychological, greatly affecting the individual. If not taken seriously, the symptoms would progress and would eventually lead to kidney problems, insomnia, weight loss, liver failure, and even death (National Treatment Referral, n.d. ). Although Alcoholism has not been taken seriously, families have been greatly affected by the symptoms and effects it has exuded on the people involved. The addiction starts with an indi vidual drinking an estimated two bottles of beer a day. Eventually, the individual increases his tolerance for the said drug by drinking more of the habitual vice each day. Eventually, the individual begins to show signs of irritability and impatience towards his peers and people around him. Contact with peers is limited, for conflicts normally arise when this happens (Alcoholism Symptoms, n. d. ).Unfortunately, the family and its members are the most affected people in this dilemma. This may be attributed to the fact that alcoholism can affect anyone regardless of age, sex, income and social status, and even ethnicity. This means that almost anyone can be afflicted by this. The worst part of them all is the fact that the simple drinking of beer could lead to a child’s heartbreak, or worse to the child being emotionally broken (Parsons, December 4, 2003). Alcoholism present in families has been classified into four types: type one, type two, type three, and type four respecti vely.The first type was regarded as active alcoholism. This was the type that included family members, such as the parents, children, grand parents, and so forth. It has been stated that this type has been present in all family lineages. The second type involved a family member that has stopped drinking alcoholic beverages. Although there was no more active alcoholic in the house, the family still supports the way that alcoholics follow. However, conflict still becomes a great part of the family. On the other hand, Type Three shows how the alcoholic has been removed from the family, for a generation or so.This type shows how a parent would not be considered as an alcoholic regardless of the family’s history. Regardless of this, characteristics for possible alcohol addiction may still become evident. Lastly, Type Four is considered to be an alcoholic system. This may be attributed to the fact that alcoholism easily progresses, and may easily attack members of the family causin g chaos (Olivera, November 19, 2005). Sometimes, Alcoholism is regarded to be genetic, and inherited from previous generations.Individuals who have family members who are alcoholics have a high risk of acquiring the said disease. Unfortunately, it is the children who suffer the most. As mentioned earlier, having parents for alcoholics would have an effect on the children. They would tend to be emotionally disturbed, and their behavior changes as well. Some even tend to be rebellious as a sign of protest to what is being shown by the parent. Although the whole situation is being blamed on genes, sometimes the behavior of the parents and what the children see are what matters most.When they witness such heartbreaking moments at such a young age, different queries would be formed at the back of their minds and would eventually lead to different factors (Alcoholism: A Family Component, August 2005). Alcoholism may be attributed for numerous things. Although there are certain things that people can do to cope with life, there are certain things that alcohol does in an individual’s body to console them. Human needs are given and everyone becomes happy. However, there are still certain things in life that are not taken into consideration.Furthermore, I believe that it is best to say that circumstances are really pivotal in the relationships of family members. For one, excessive heartaches cannot be cured with just a simple snap of a finger. Regardless of how an individual would try to forget a heartbreaking moment, he just can not. In turn, they shift their attention to other mediums, such as alcohol, to make them feel better. Being consumed by the alcohol inhibits them from wallowing on their heartaches, and in turn, go on with their interrupted life. Another instance that may be attributed to alcohol intake is depression.The individual would feel that being drunk is better than suffering from the heartaches and problems brought about by the circumstances tha t happened around them. It is just but human nature to feel hurt when some things are done unwillingly; however, it also depends on the individuals on how they would be able to cope up with such circumstances. Furthermore, I believe that it is best to say that the family is the primary structure of society affected by such dilemma. Seeing a family member wallow on the negative effects of alcohol may become heartbreaking, and worse, detrimental to the once healthy relationship that the family had.In addition to this, unborn babies who have no idea of the real world are also being affected by this habitual vice. Pregnant women tend to pass on some of the alcoholic content into their unborn children, while trying to enjoy this extraordinary lifestyle. Unfortunately, the intake of alcoholic beverages also causes some abnormalities and defects on the unborn babies. These tend to become irreversible and would forever remind the parents of their habitual vice. Children, on the other hand, also tend to be affected by such dilemma.Witnessing a parent wallow on the harsh effects of alcohol would make them perceive things differently from those of children their age. They tend to form guilt feelings toward themselves, and have very low esteem. In addition to this, they form a feeling of abandonment from their parents, because they feel that their parents would opt to satisfy their needs for the habitual vice than care for them. From here on, the children would develop insecurities about themselves that greatly affect their academic standing. In school, these children would be regarded to be different from their peers, for they tend to deviate from the crowd.In this light, they would also opt to be alone and become anti-social. Building relationships with others would become difficult from their end, for they would feel that they would also be blamed for any wrong action made by their peers (Effects of Alcoholism on Families, n. d. ). Although adults may tend to become mo re understanding of such situations than children, they may also be affected by the addiction. Having an alcoholic for a spouse would come as a challenge that has effects on the relationship. Like the children, the spouse also has to deal with the emotional and mental torture brought about by alcoholism.The role as father and mother would be passed on to the normal spouse’s hands, because of the partner’s inability to fulfill them. In this regard, the non-alcoholic spouse would have difficulty in handling everything, which would also have an effect on the children. As much as possible, the non-alcoholic spouse would accomplish tasks deemed from both, even to the extent of trying to be perfect. Unfortunately, the emotional and mental turmoil experienced by the spouse would come in between the relationship with the children.In this regard, the children would develop a sense of rejection from both parents. Alcoholism also affects the financial stability of the family, for much money is being spent in purchasing alcoholic beverages. In this regard, other privileges are sacrificed by the other members of the family. Quite a heartbreaking situation, but this is the way things go. For this, many couples would opt for separation and divorce (Parsons, December 14, 2003). From everything that has been said, it may be clearly stated that Alcoholism definitely as an effect on the family.Although it was evident how much emotional and mental turmoil Alcoholism may have on each member of the family, it may also be seen that not all are negative. Giving people temporary bliss would also help in the emotional state of an individual. However, this would come as a threat when things go overboard. Alcoholism is not as bad as it may seem. People should only be careful when dealing with such, so that no other person may be broken emotionally. Furthermore, having control over one’s self is essential in making the individual more capable of facing the future ahea d of him. References Parsons, T.(2003). Alcoholism and its effect on the family. All Psych Online. Retrieved November 27, 2008 from http://allpsych. com/journal/alcoholism. html (n. d. ). Alcoholism in the family: What can you do. Retrieved November 27, 2008 from http://www. learn-about-alcoholism. com/alcoholism-in-the-family. html (2005). Alcoholism: A family component. Retrieved November 27, 2008 from http://www. alcoholismresources. com/family_alcoholism. html (n. d. ) Alcoholism sysmptoms. http://www. learn-about-alcoholism. com/alcoholism-symptoms. html Leskinen, S. (n. d. ). Alcoholism: A family illness. Retrieved Nove

Joyner Lucas “Frozen” Review Professor Ramos Blog

Joyner Lucas â€Å"Frozen† Review Melody Palma English 010 27 November 2018 Joyner Lucas presents us an important topic about driving safely in his video entitled ‘Frozen’. He brings up the most underrated and big issues that we have in our society today. Joyner Lucas is becoming one of the most well known artist’ because of the subjects he raps about in his songs. Throughout this video ‘Frozen’ he introduces us to a series of events that are highly common when driving unsafe. He gives us a different perspective on this type of situation by showing us in the guise of people in the video who have experienced it. Lucas does an amazing job introducing this situation with such a groundbreaking video, he has opened people eyes on the importance of driving safe, especially the younger generation of people who haven’t even begun to drive yet have already been impacted by severe issues of unsafe driving. Lucas begins this video ‘Frozen’ by saying, â€Å"Damn this is not alright, how the f*ck I end up on the other side of life† in the guise of a little girl While it shows the little girl dead on the street, who had been hit by a car because of someone texted and driving. While she is still laying on the floor she begins listing all the things she won’t get to experience in life saying â€Å"no more sleepovers ,or no more camping , no more kisses from my dad, cause I left and died, all because a stupid bitch wanted to text and drive†. When Joyner mentioned this in the little girls point of view it definitely dropped my jaw, it stops and makes and think to yourself, â€Å"Things like this happen everyday, and nobody is aware of how serious this is†.   Ã‚  In an article about being distracting while driving, mentions that, â€Å"it takes only 3 seconds after a drivers attention has been diverted from the road for a crash to occur†(King), with that being said it is very clear how significant it is to keep in mind that driving and texting is extremely dangerous. With such an explicit visual of the reality of dangerous driving, Joyner shows us how fatal driving unsafe can affect us. The second event that occurred in this video was of a woman who was involved in a collision with another car, in the beginning of this scene you see an empty bottle which looks as if it was an alcohol beverage. During this scene the woman makes a remark saying â€Å"No more baby in my belly, sad to say we died. All because you choose to drink and drive. Why?†, after she says this you can see that she was a pregnant innocent women who just happened to be in the car with a irresponsible intoxicated person. She talks about all of the things she will reminisce on, like spending holidays with her family and plans she had that she won’t be able to do anymore. This scene tiess into another of a man who is speed racing, this scene end s with his car crushed on top of him, he explains that although he loved the thrill of speed racing, he regrets not listening to his mom who always told him that it would get him killed. A recent report in early September of 2018 was made when 4 teenagers died, one whom was an expectant mother (8 months pregnant) and her fiancà © (the driver) who was speed racing with his 3 friends on the freeway in Moreno Valley (Bravo) .   Just to point out to you that All of these things that Joyner is speaking about happens on a daily basis, these people never expected that their lives would end so soon, this couple thought they were going to continue to live their lives and have a family together, but it all ended so soon for them with something that could’ve been prevented if they were aware of how unsafe they were being. With that being said, Joyner introduces us to a new perspective on this situation which can spread the word on the awareness of driving safely. The very last scene of this video is of the man, women, and the little girl who were all involved in the car accidents and the man seemed as if he had just woke up from a bad dream and as he looks side to side he sees that him and his family are all safe together. This scene makes you so surprised to think that these people are a family and it makes you think what if any of those things to happen to your family, it would be devastating really open your mindset on how big of a problem this actually is if it was one of our own family members. The emotion Joyner Lucas evokes within the video is so intense, the fact that many people can relate to this type of situation is surreal. From the graphic visuals to the heart breaking lyrics in which he uses the guise of the people who got into a car accident. From the very beginning of the video Joyner does not hesitate to start addressing the issue. All scenes are so distressing, it really gets to you because he gives us an explicit visual with lyrics describing all these things that these people won’t be able to do in life or experience anymore. It’s really stops and makes you think how realistic all of these things are, life is too short to put yourself at risk of ending it before you even know it. Nobody ever expects to get into a car accident, it’s happens when you least expect it. Furthermore, this is what Joyner Lucas expresses throughout this video, the significance of life and how this issue can easily be taken care of and prevented if we are more awa re of safe driving. It is truly heartbreaking to even think that things like this happen more often than we think, this video has helped spread the word on how serious this has gotten throughout so many years. Joyner does an amazing job with addressing this issue by using such blunt vocabulary, he doesn’t try to sugar coat anything, he says it how it really is, and that is honestly one of the beat characteristics of the video. The fact that Joyner could be straight up about how a this issue in society has gotten is jaw dropping, since things like this does happen everyday many people try to find excuses as to why these things happen. For example, the little girl in the beginning of the video who had got hit by a women texting and driving, would say â€Å"the women driving didn’t see the little girl†, well of course she didn’t because her eyes were off the road. People put themselves in these extremely life risking situations and don’t even know how risky it is until it happens to them. Throughout the entire video it’s as if you can feel the pain that these people are going through, Joyner Lucas speaks with an intense voice, to give us that feel of their perspective. Overall Joyner Lucas’s video ‘Frozen’ is honestly a 5 star video, given that it shows us the audience the importance of driving safely. Joyner Lucas brings up a topic that people don’t really think is that serious. Everyday people drink, text, speed drive and think it’s is normal because they are used to it seeing others do it or they probably even do it themselves. Many   start to get comfortable doing these things thinking that nothing will happen to them because they do it all the time, In this video Joyner let’s us know to stay woke at all times, it is always dangerous even if you think just because you do these things all the time doesn’t make it ok. All the scenes within the video that Joyner Lucas gives us are a perfect presentation on how negative and life changing it can be for a person to even put themselves and others in danger for doing something that can be stopped. Joyner’s intentions are successful within this vi deo, he introduces us to an issue which isn’t given the right amount attention and used social media in order to spread the word and make people more aware.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bravo. Kristina. Pregnant 20-Year-Old Among 4 People Killed In Moreno Valley Crash, Family Says. KTL, 2018. https://www.google.com/amp/s/ktla.com/2018/09/01/pregnant-20-year-old-among-4-people-killed-in-moreno-valley-crash-family-says/amp/ King, Elizabeth. Top 15 Causes Of Car Accidents And How You Can Prevent Them. Huff Post Company, 2016. Web. 26 November   2018. https://www.google.com/amp/s/m.huffpost.com/us/entry/11722196/amp Lucas, Joyner. 01 April 2018. Frozen. Acc. 24 November 2018. https://youtu.be/2_Jvmt0vU4s McDonald.Young Driver Research Program: A review of information on young driver performance characteristics and capacities. Mar 2014   Ã‚  www.monash.edu.au/miri/research/reports/atsb129.pdf.